English as a World Language
English, with its growing number of varieties, patois, pidgins and inflections, is now firmly established as a world language. The English language is currently spoken as a second or foreign language by more speakers than those who call it their first language. Now there are more than three non-native speakers of English for every native speaker and the number of non-native English speakers continues to grow on a daily basis. “There’s never before been a language that’s been spoken by more people as a second than a first”, said David Crystal, author of the book “English as a Global Language”. In the area where I was born, the city of York, in south central Pennsylvania, there is an interesting variety of the English language spoken by the “Pennsylvania Dutch”.
One difficult aspect of the English speech in Dauphin, Lancaster and York counties located in south central Pennsylvania, where a large concentration of Amish, Mennonites and other “Pennsylvania Dutch” sects live is the manipulation of the grammar elements of English. Here are a few examples of the ways in which grammar and word order are managed in everyday Pennsylvania Dutch speech. For “Outlanders”, anyone who is not Pennsylvania Dutch, these expressions of everyday speech can range from amusing to startling. Here’s a look at just a few of the many aspects of this variety of English.
Convoluted Grammatical Forms
“Throw Papa down the stairs his hat.”
Explanation: Throw Papa’s hat down the stairs to him.
(I don't care how old he is, don't you dare touch ole Papa!)
“Go out and tie the dog loose and don’t forget to outen the light.”
This expression uses convoluted grammar in addition to “Germanic” verbalizations. Here the verb “outen” means “to turn out”. The adjective and noun are used in reverse order from other forms of Standard English.
“The owner says he’ll pay me ten dollars a day if I eat myself, but just five dollars if he eats me.”
Explanation: No, there’s no suggestion of cannibalism here! The worker will get ten dollars a day for providing his own meals, but five dollars a day if the owner has to provide the worker’s food.
(Whew! I'm glad we cleared that one up!)
“He’s a pretty good man yet, ain’t not?” Explanation: He’s a pretty good man (provider), isn’t he?
(a tag question form)
Use of Specialized Vocabulary
Addition of specialized, but “local” vocabulary is also quite commonly done as demonstrated in these examples.
“Shall I put the candy in a toot?” (A “toot” is a paper bag.)
When talking about that fact that his father or grandfather is sick a child might say:
“Pop ain’t so good; his eatin’s gone away and he don’t look so good in the face, either.”
Speaking about his son’s difficulties in school a father could be heard to express the following sentiments: “My son ain’t dumb. It ain’t that he can’t learn, it’s just that after he learns it, he forgets it.”
If you don’t speak “Pennsylvania Dutch” in one of its multiple forms, they just might say of you:
“You don’t make yourself out so good. You talk so fancy like a body can’t understand you.”
In talking about someone who doesn’t read aloud well, at a meeting or in school for example, people might say something like: “When he gets up to read he gets befuddled.”
Or how about this amusing little observation of another person’s speech:
“Don’t talk so quick, it runs together too much when I think.”
Pennsylvania Dutch Proverbs
Some interesting Pennsylvania Dutch proverbs include these offerings:
“Kissin’ wears out, cooking don’t”
“No woman can be happy with less than seven to cook for”
“A plump wife and a big barn never did any man harm”
“He who has a secret dare not tell it to his wife”
“Ve get too soon oldt, und too late schmart”
The Keystone State
In this region of the “Keystone state” as Pennsylvania is monickered, this variety of is often called “Ferhoodled English” by the Pennsylvania Dutch themselves and by local “Outlanders”. Famous for their frugal lifestyle and natural, delicious farm-fresh cooking, the Amish and other sects contribute to the tourism of the state. Hundreds of thousands of visitors come to sample the crafts, food and “peculiar” language this austere people. It is but yet another of the many continually developing varieties of English as a global language.
"When you come over - come out" When you're in the area, drop by. See, hear, and experience the food, the culture and the Pennsylvania Dutch for yourself.
Prof. Larry M. Lynch is an EFL Teacher Trainer, Intellectual Development Specialist, author and speaker. He has written ESP, foreign language learning, English language teaching texts and hundreds of articles used in more than 115 countries. Get your FREE E-book,"If you Want to Teach English Abroad, Here's What You Need to Know" by requesting the title at: lynchlarrym@gmail.com Need a blogger or copywriter to promote your school, institution, service or business or an experienced writer and vibrant SEO content for your website, blog or newsletter? Then E-mail me for further information.
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